Pericles (Leader of Athens) Biography

Pericles (sometimes spelled Perikles) lived between about 495–429 B.C.E. and was one of the most important leaders of the classical period of Athens, Greece. He is largely responsible for rebuilding the city following the devastating Persian Wars of 502–449 B.C.E. He was also Athens leader during (and probably fomenter of) the Peloponnesian War (431–404); and he died of the Plague of Athens that ravaged the city between 430 and 426 B.C.E. He was so important to classical Greek history that the era in which he lived is known as the Age of Pericles. Greek Sources about Pericles What we know of Pericles comes from three main sources. The earliest is known as the Funeral Oration of Pericles. It was written by the Greek philosopher Thucydides (460–395 B.C.E.), who said he was quoting Pericles himself. Pericles gave his speech at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian war (431 B.C.E.). In it, Pericles (or Thucydides) extols the values of democracy. The Menexenus was probably written by Plato (ca. 428–347 B.C.E.) or by someone who was imitating Plato. It too is a Funeral Oration citing the history of Athens, and the text was partly borrowed from Thucydides but it is a satire ridiculing the practice. Its format is a dialogue between Socrates and Menexenus, and in it, Socrates opines that Pericles mistress Aspasia wrote the Funeral Oration of Pericles. Finally, and most substantially, in his book The Parallel Lives, the first century C.E. Roman historian Plutarch wrote the Life of Pericles and a Comparison of Pericles and Fabius Maximum. English translations of all of these texts are long out of copyright and available on the Internet. Family Through his mother Agariste, Pericles was a member of the Alcmeonids, a powerful family in Athens, who claimed descent from Nestor (king of Pylos in The Odyssey) and whose earliest notable member was from the seventh century B.C.E. The Alcemons were accused of treachery at the Battle of Marathon. His father was Xanthippus, a military leader during the Persian Wars, and the victor at the Battle of Mycale. He was the son of Ariphon, who was ostracized—a common political punishment for prominent Athenians consisting of a 10-year banishment from Athens—but was returned to the city when the Persian Wars began. Pericles was married to a woman whose name is not mentioned by Plutarch but was a close relative. They had two sons, Xanthippus and Paralus, and divorced in 445 B.C.E. Both sons died in the Plague of Athens. Pericles also had a mistress, perhaps a courtesan but also a teacher and intellectual called Aspasia of Miletus, with whom he had one son, Pericles the Younger. Education Pericles was said by Plutarch to have been shy as a young man because he was rich, and of such stellar lineage with well-born friends, that he was afraid hed be ostracized for that alone. Instead, he devoted himself to a military career, where he was brave and enterprising. Then he became a politician. His teachers included the musicians Damon and Pythocleides. Pericles was also a pupil of Zeno of Elea, famous for his logical paradoxes, such as the one in which he was said to have proven that motion cant occur. His most important teacher was Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (500-428 BCE), called Nous (Mind). Anaxagoras is best known for his then-outrageous contention that the sun was a fiery rock. Public Offices The first known public event in Pericles life was the position of choregos. Choregoi were the producers of ancient Greeces theatrical community, selected from the wealthiest Athenians who had a duty to support dramatic productions. Choregoi paid for everything from staff salaries to sets, special effects, and music. In 472, Pericles funded and produced the playwright Aeschylus play The Persians. Pericles also gained the office of military archon or strategos, which is usually translated into English as a military general. Pericles was elected strategos in 460, and he remained that for the next 29 years. Pericles, Cimon, and Democracy In the 460s, the Helots rebelled against the Spartans who asked for help from Athens. In response to Spartas request for help, Athens leader Cimon led troops into Sparta. The Spartans sent them back, probably fearing the effects of Athenian democratic ideas on their own government. Cimon had favored Athens oligarchic adherents, and, according to the opposing faction led by Pericles who had come into power by the time Cimon returned, Cimon was a lover of Sparta and a hater of the Athenians. He was ostracized and banished from Athens for 10 years, but eventually brought back for the Peloponnesian Wars. Building Projects From about 458–456, Pericles had the Long Walls built. The Long Walls were about 6 kilometers in length and built in several phases. They were a strategic asset to Athens, connecting the city with Piraeus, a peninsula with three harbors about 4.5 miles from Athens. The walls protected the citys access to the Aegean, but they were destroyed by Sparta at the end of the Peloponnesian War. On the Acropolis at Athens, Pericles built the Parthenon, the Propylaea, and a giant statue of Athena Promachus. He also had temples and shrines built to other gods to replace those that had been destroyed by the Persians during the wars. The treasury from the Delian alliance funded the building projects. Radical Democracy and Citizenship Law Among the contributions made by Pericles to the Athenian democracy was the payment of magistrates. This was one reason the Athenians under Pericles decided to limit the people eligible to hold office. Only those born to two people of Athenian citizen status could henceforth be citizens and eligible to be magistrates. Children of foreign mothers were explicitly excluded. Metic is the word for a foreigner living in Athens. Since a metic woman couldnt produce citizen children when Pericles had a mistress Aspasia of Miletus, he couldnt or, at least, didnt marry her. After his death, the law was changed so that his son could be both a citizen and his heir. Artists Depiction According to Plutarch, although Pericles appearance was unimpeachable, his head was long and out of proportion. The comic poets of his day called him Schinocephalus or squill head (pen head). Because of Pericles abnormally long head, he was often depicted wearing a helmet. The Plague of Athens and the Death of Pericles In 430, the Spartans and their allies invaded Attica, signaling the start of the Peloponnesian War. At the same time, a plague broke out in a city overcrowded by the presence of refugees from the rural areas. Pericles was suspended from the office of strategos, found guilty of theft and fined 50 talents. Because Athens still needed him, Pericles was then reinstated, but then, about a year after he lost his own two sons in the plague, Pericles died in the fall of 429, two and a half years after the Peloponnesian War began. Edited and updated by K. Kris Hirst Sources Thucydides. Pericles Funeral Oration from the Peloponnesian War (Book 2.34-46). Ancient History Sourcebook. Fordham University. 2000. Web.Monoson, S. Sara. Remembering Pericles: The Political and Theoretical Import of Platos Menexenus. Political Theory 26.4 (1998): 489-513. Print.OSullivan, Neil. Pericles and Protagoras. Greece Rome 42.1 (1995): 15-23. Print.Plato. The Menexenus. Translater Benjamin Jowett 1892. Project Gutenberg, 2013. Web.Plutarch. Comparison of Pericles and Fabius Maximus. The Parallel Lives of Plutarch. Loeb Classical Library 1914. LacusCurtius Web.—-. The Life of Pericles. The Parallel Lives of Plutarch. Loeb Classical Library 1916. LacusCurtius Web.Stadter, Philip A. Pericles among the Intellectuals. Illinois Classical Studies 16.1/2 (1991): 111-24. Print.—-. The Rhetoric of Plutarchs Pericles. Ancient Society 18 (1987): 251-69. Print.

Cardiovascular Disease Is The Leading Cause Of Death For...

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death for both men and women and has an average of 610,000 casualties in the United States every year. This could be contributed to the fact that as adults, we tend to lead a very demanding lifestyle and constantly struggle through a never-ending to do list that diminishes the majority of our day. Inside our home, the office, events for the holidays, and perhaps even school, our responsibility to take care of ourselves doesn’t quite make the priority cutoff. For one thing, it is my understanding I’m supposed to exercise at least three times a week. About one in every three U.S. adults has reported that no leisure time was spent doing physical activity to which I can relate. The first hour and†¦show more content†¦At the same time, with a little research it’s never too late to change a bad habit and there is a light at the end of the tunnel. Significant progress has been made over the last 50 years in underst anding the causes of chronic illnesses, as well as development in areas that provide knowledge to detect, prevent, and maintain comparable diseases. Improvement in public health and health care have increased life expectancy by approximately 30 years and has led to dramatic changes in the leading causes of death. With this information we now have a better understanding of the long term effects our choices will make and those results have already affected the market around us. Fast food chains now provide menu selections for their health-conscious customers such as nutritional listings, optional cooking methods, and the use of organic and Non-GMO ingredients. Similarly, patients that suffer from congestive heart failure and smoke may be drawn to the more recent e-cigarette. Although e-cigarettes still have years of long term testing in order to determine their overall hazards and benefits, current research shows that there is potential for smokers to reduce their health related risks if electronic cigarettes are used in place of tobacco cigarettes when on the road to the ending tobacco or nicotine use.

Developmentally Appropriate Practices In Relations To Students Free Essays

string(301) " pupils at this degree of cognitive development may be take a relevant subject, develop a research inquiry, signifier hypotheses, test the hypotheses, observe the consequences, make decisions, and pass on the importance of the findings to other schoolmates \( Mississippi Science Framework, 2001 \) \." The National Association for the Education of Young Children ( NAEYC ) defines developmentally appropriate pattern ( DAP ) as the â€Å" model of rules and guidelines for best pattern in the attention and instruction of immature kids † ( Developmentally Appropriate, 2009 ) . DAP draws on cognition gained from research on the development of kids and besides on the cognition of effectual educational schemes in order to advance maximum acquisition and development in kids ( Developmentally Appropriate, 2009 ) . DAP ( 2009 ) is of import because, when used, it helps instructors make educational determinations that are appropriate for the pupils ‘ age group, set ends for pupils that are both disputing and accomplishable, and guarantee intentionality in all their instruction patterns. We will write a custom essay sample on Developmentally Appropriate Practices In Relations To Students or any similar topic only for you Order Now The determinations that instructors make in their schoolrooms can potentially hold a great impact on pupils ‘ acquisition experiences. Positive larning experiences lead to future positive larning behaviours such as continuity and flexibleness ( Developmentally Appropriate, 2009 ) . When doing determinations sing the instruction of their pupils, instructors must take into history the general developmental features and larning capablenesss of kids in the age scope that they are learning and besides the single features and larning capablenesss of pupils within his or her schoolroom ( Developmentally Appropriate, 2009 ) . All aspects of development and acquisition are of import and interconnected, and it is non until a instructor to the full understands where his or her pupils stand physically, cognitively, and emotionally that effectual determinations sing their instruction can be made ( Spano, 2004 ) . The determinations being made by instructors lead to the scene of ends in the schoolroom. Not merely do instructors necessitate to guarantee that pupils achieve these ends, but they besides need to dispute pupils to construct on the cognition they already possess to make a higher degree of understanding and development. These challenges must ever be presented as the following logical measure harmonizing to the kid ‘s phase of development ( Developmentally Appropriate, 2009 ) . In general, the phases of kid development are well-documented and follow a predictable sequence ( Spano, 2004 ) . However, it is true that each single kid reaches each phase of development at a different clip which makes it of import for instructors to cognize the general features of the age group every bit good as the single pupils ‘ features. If a instructor is non cognizant of their pupils ‘ single developmental degrees, ends may be set either excessively high or excessively low, and larnin g will non happen ( Developmentally Appropriate, 2009 ) . Another ground that DAP is of import is that DAP ensures intentionality ( Developmentally Appropriate, 2009 ) . Intentional instructors use their cognition of their pupils ‘ development to be after all facets of their category, from the schoolroom set-up to the usage of assorted learning schemes to the types of appraisals administered. Teachers must understand that development and larning take topographic point best in state of affairss where the kid is unafraid in his or her milieus and that positive acquisition experiences shape their motive ( Helping your kid, 2005 ) . They should besides maintain in head that kids learn in a assortment of different ways, so assorted attacks to the stuff should be made. When instructors design their categories with developmentally appropriate purposes in head, a much more effectual acquisition environment is created ( Developmentally Appropriate, 2009 ) . Now that the importance of developmentally appropriate patterns has been defined, a elaborate description of the features of the cognitive, affectional, and psychomotor development of striplings runing from age 12 to sixteen will be reviewed while discoursing the impact that these features have on instruction and acquisition. The developmental psychologist, Jean Piaget, classified the phases of cognitive development in kids ( Anderson, 2004 ) . In his theory, there are four phases of cognitive development ( sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational ) ( Anderson, 2004 ) . Early striplings ( approximately ages 11 to 13 ) , says Piaget, see the passage from the concrete operational phase to the formal operational phase ( Anderson, 2004 ) . Adolescents at this phase should be traveling off from the construct of egocentricism, or the apprehension that one ‘s position is non needfully the position of person else ( as cited in Malerstein A ; Ahern, 1979 ) . Another facet of this passage is that striplings move from concrete idea to more abstract idea, intending that they are able to believe about inside informations that do non refer to an existent object or event. Concepts such as love are more apprehensible to striplings than to younger kids ( as cited in Malerstein A ; Ahern, 1979 ) . Besides, persons in the formal operational phase of development are able to believe more scientifically ( Anderson, 2004 ) . This means that, when presented with a job, the person will travel about work outing the job by organizing hypotheses and proving each hypothesis until the right result is reached ( as cited in Malerstein A ; Ahern, 1979 ) . Adolescents in this age scope become progressively concerned about the hereafter instead than the present with early striplings being concerned chiefly with the close hereafter while in-between striplings ( age 14 to 16 ) are more concerned with future callings and life programs ( Spano, 2004 ) . These persons are going more interested in their ain potency, and besides in the sentiments of others ( Helping your kid, 2005 ) . The thought of adolescent egocentricism is fundamentally the development of uneasiness ( Elkind, 1967 ) . Adolescents usually have ideas that everyone is watching them, known as the fanciful audience ( Elkind, 1967 ) . This may stem from the physical alterations that they are sing ( i.e. , pubescence ) , which will be discussed in more item subsequently on. Another signifier of adolescent egocentricism tied to physical development is the thought of personal fabrication, where persons perceive themselves as finally alone and perchance unbeatable ( Elkind, 1967 ) . The deductions of cognitive development on acquisition and instruction at this age scope are rather of import. Because striplings now have the capacity for abstract idea, their verbal problem-solving accomplishments are much greater ( Developmentally Appropriate, 2009 ) . Teachers can now utilize inquiry-based acquisition at a more advanced degree ( Developmentally Appropriate, 2009 ) . For illustration, in the biological science schoolroom pupils at this degree of cognitive development may be take a relevant subject, develop a research inquiry, signifier hypotheses, test the hypotheses, observe the consequences, make decisions, and pass on the importance of the findings to other schoolmates ( Mississippi Science Framework, 2001 ) . You read "Developmentally Appropriate Practices In Relations To Students" in category "Essay examples" Socially and emotionally, adolescence is a really disruptive clip ( Helping your kid, 2005 ) . During pubescence, sex endocrines, bodily alterations, and nervous pruning ( the cutting dorsum of fresh nervous tracts ) lead to incomprehensible temper swings ( Helping your kid, 2005 ) . This is besides a clip when striplings are developing a personal individuality and sense of ego ( as cited in Hamachek, 1988 ) . Erik Erikson ‘s theory of the eight phases of development provinces that the most of import phase for this age scope is stage five: individuality versus individuality confusion ( as cited in Hamachek, 1988 ) . In this phase, persons are get downing to set up a stable self-concept that does non alter. However, Erikson besides says that persons in this phase can hover between being certain of themselves and uncertainness which may be due to the rapid alterations that adolescents experience during pubescence ( as cited in Hamachek, 1988 ) . In phase four of Erikson ‘s theory, the single begins to develop a sense of industry and lower status ( as cited in Hamachek, 1988 ) . This means that by age about age 12, striplings should be cognizant of their ain capacity to bring forth things every bit good as the fact that they may non be every bit good at some things as others ( as cited in Hamachek, 1988, Helping your kid, 2005 ) . A sense of lower status creates self-aware feelings about oneself which may take the stripling to move shyly or sharply but besides to derive or lose motive in academic enterprises ( Spano, 2004 ) . Besides at this age, striplings are traveling off from dependance on parents and closer to interaction with equal groups ( as cited in Hamacheck, 1988 ) . They begin to value the sentiments and involvements of their friends over the sentiments and involvements of their parents, and they besides begin to take involvement in edifice stronger relationships with people outside their immediate household ( Spano, 2004 ) . Therefore, peer force per unit area can be a major factor in behaviour ( Helping your kid, 2005, Spano, 2004 ) . Even though striplings are seeking independency from their parents at this age and finding their single personalities, they can besides return back to Acts of the Apostless of childish in times of emphasis ( as cited in Hamachek, 1988 ) . One must maintain in head that merely because striplings have the visual aspect of immature grownups, they are still slightly kids cognitively and emotionally ( Kipke, 1999 ) . So in the schoolroom, instructors should retrieve to put ends that are disputing but non excessively disputing ( Developmentally Appropriate, 2009 ) . Showing a challenge that can be accomplished with some attempt gives the pupil a sense of assurance in his or her ain abilities which can take to a greater sense of individuality, whereas showing impossible challenging can hold negative effects on self-esteem and deter positive acquisition behaviours ( Developmentally Appropriate, 2009 ) . Teachers should besides maintain in head that pupils are extremely societal at this clip, so concerted acquisition is a positive instruction scheme ( Developmentally Appropriate, 2009 ) . For illustration, in the biological science schoolroom, have pupils work together on an assignment such as dissecting a toad while the instructor acts as a facilitator and moves about the room to assist groups when they can non reply the inquiries on their ain ( Mississippi Science Framework, 2001 ) . Just retrieve that, in the schoolroom, societal interaction should non roll excessively far from the content. The most apparent signifiers of development in striplings are psychomotor and physical development. Approximately between the ages of 11 and 15, adolescents undergo pubescence, or the development of secondary sex features ( Kipke, 1999, Spano, 2004 ) . At this point in their lives, striplings become capable of reproduction which entails a figure of physical alterations such as an addition in height and weight and organic structure hair, etc. ( Spano, 2004 ) . This drastic alteration in bodily proportions, coupled with the phenomenon of nervous pruning ( which is the decrease of fresh neural tracts in the encephalon during adolescence ) , sometimes leads to awkwardness and shortages in coordination every bit good as alterations in affect ( Coch, Fischer A ; Dawson, 2007 ) . Physical alterations interact closely with emotion and knowledge ( Coch, Fischer A ; Dawson, 2007 ) . Due to all the physical developments, striplings spend a important part of clip focused upon themselves which gives grownups the feeling of egoism ; and because they are so focussed on themselves, they feel like others are focused on them as good which is the impression of the fanciful audience ( Elkind, 1967 ) . These rapid alterations make them experience self-aware and over-concerning about their physical visual aspect ( Spano, 2004 ) . Although pupil may be awkward or clumsy at this age, implementing schemes that require honing of all right motor accomplishments is a good thought ( Coch, Fischer A ; Dawson, 2007 ) . Having pupils fix their ain moisture slides in a biological science category is a valuable tool because it requires pupils to pay attending to item and develop concentration and a new accomplishment set that can be used subsequently on ( Mississippi Science Framework, 2001 ) . All of these new developments in striplings lead to new chances in larning. Cognitive development allows immature striplings to finish more in-depth job state of affairss and focal point for longer sums of clip ( Helping your kid, 2005 ) . Adolescents are besides developing a sense of ego and personal involvements, so they are capable of ramifying out into extracurricular activities that they enjoy such as music or art ( Hamachek, 1988, Helping your kid, 2005 ) . This is besides the clip in life where persons form womb-to-tomb reading wonts, so encouragement to read is of import ( Helping your kid, 2005 ) . In drumhead, the old ages of adolescence ( ages 12 through 16 ) are a clip of major development non merely cognitively but emotionally and physically every bit good. For instructors, structuring content around developmentally appropriate patterns is highly of import. Without maintaining in head the degree of cognitive ability of their pupils, instructors run the hazard of making lessons that are either excessively long and advanced or excessively easy and short. Teachers need to understand what their pupils are traveling through emotionally and socially every bit good. Implementing learning schemes where the pupils get to interact with one another is a positive incentive for adolescent pupils. In the scientific discipline schoolroom, all these deductions are merely every bit valid as in any other schoolroom. Designing lesson programs that allow the pupils to develop an involvement in different subject and work out jobs that are disputing will assist them to make a high degree of development, and showing the stuff in assorted ways helps pupils with changing personalities learn the stuff. Without usage of developmentally appropriate patterns, effectual instruction is non possible. How to cite Developmentally Appropriate Practices In Relations To Students, Essay examples

Plasticity in Humans free essay sample

The aim of this paper is to cover the subject of plasticity in humans. Plasticity refers to the ability of many organisms to change their biology or behavior to respond to changes in the environment, particularly when these are stressful. After reading the article, The Tall and the Short of It by Barry Bogin, I feel that his article has gone into great detail. Bogin included information from numerous studies and research not only his own but also the research and studies of other professionals. I found the information in this article interesting and informative for someone like me who is taking physical anthropology for the first time. Most interestingly is how he believes that diseases such as Parkinson’s and Lou Gehrig’s can possibly be prevented by plasticity. One of the studies that Bogin noted is a study among the Americans and Dutch heights. Back in the 1850’s Americans were considered the tallest people in the world, but now they are the third tallest around the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Plasticity in Humans or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This study revealed that this change is due to the plasticity in people’s childhood and in their mother’s childhood as well. Girls that are undernourished and in poor health causes them to be shorter in height as an adult due to the compromise her body makes while growing up. Her short height can then be passed down to her fetus. The small reproductive system of the mother most likely does not supply an adequate level of nutrients and oxygen to her fetus. Therefore, the child can be born weighing less than normal and will continue the slow growth through out their childhood. Stronger evidence used to support the study among height of group of people is the studies on monozygotic twins. Monozygotic twins are identical genetically, but sometimes can end up being nourished by unequal portions of the placenta. The twin nourished by the smaller fraction of the placenta, are born with lower birth weight than the one in the biggest fraction of the placenta. This difference in growth shows that it can last throughout their lives. The difference seen today between the Americans and Dutch is the response to their changed environments. Both the United States and Netherlands began to provide a healthier environment to their people by purifying water, installing sewer systems, regulating the safety of food, and providing a better health care and diets for children. The only difference is that the Netherlands offered health benefits to all the public including poor and in the US only those that can afford improved health benefited. One additional study to support the plasticity of people was done on groups of Mayan children. One group of children lived in Guatemala and the other part were immigrants living in the United States. Evidently, the children in Guatemala proved to be shorter than the group in the United States due to the environment they lived in. The children and their parents in Guatemala were exposed to contaminated water, lack of food supply and suffer from poor health. On the other hand, not only the children but their parents living in the United States, have access to purified drinking water and a reliable source of food which improved the health and growth. Plasticity demonstrates that such changes are dependent on external conditions and not only genetics. The most amazing researches was that of Ralph Garruto, who investigated the role of the environment and human plasticity in Guam and New Guina on individuals with Parkingson’s and Lou Gehrig’s disease. He found that both diseases are linked to the shortage of calcium that resulted in the digestion of too much aluminum present in their diet. However from the group in Guam he found that up to 70 percent had brain damage but only 20 percent had one of these diseases. It seems evident that genes and plasticity are working hand in hand from these low rates of individuals that are affected. Plasticity may be why people’s bodies have gradually developed ways to protect and prevent aluminum from reaching their brain. Humans are, perhaps, the most plastic of all species, and hence the most variable. I believe such discoveries demonstrate the need for future research in human plasticity and variability specially, if diseases can be prevented. Researchers should try to figure out a way to produce the same sort of plastic changes in humans.