Pericles (Leader of Athens) Biography

Pericles (sometimes spelled Perikles) lived between about 495–429 B.C.E. and was one of the most important leaders of the classical period of Athens, Greece. He is largely responsible for rebuilding the city following the devastating Persian Wars of 502–449 B.C.E. He was also Athens leader during (and probably fomenter of) the Peloponnesian War (431–404); and he died of the Plague of Athens that ravaged the city between 430 and 426 B.C.E. He was so important to classical Greek history that the era in which he lived is known as the Age of Pericles. Greek Sources about Pericles What we know of Pericles comes from three main sources. The earliest is known as the Funeral Oration of Pericles. It was written by the Greek philosopher Thucydides (460–395 B.C.E.), who said he was quoting Pericles himself. Pericles gave his speech at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian war (431 B.C.E.). In it, Pericles (or Thucydides) extols the values of democracy. The Menexenus was probably written by Plato (ca. 428–347 B.C.E.) or by someone who was imitating Plato. It too is a Funeral Oration citing the history of Athens, and the text was partly borrowed from Thucydides but it is a satire ridiculing the practice. Its format is a dialogue between Socrates and Menexenus, and in it, Socrates opines that Pericles mistress Aspasia wrote the Funeral Oration of Pericles. Finally, and most substantially, in his book The Parallel Lives, the first century C.E. Roman historian Plutarch wrote the Life of Pericles and a Comparison of Pericles and Fabius Maximum. English translations of all of these texts are long out of copyright and available on the Internet. Family Through his mother Agariste, Pericles was a member of the Alcmeonids, a powerful family in Athens, who claimed descent from Nestor (king of Pylos in The Odyssey) and whose earliest notable member was from the seventh century B.C.E. The Alcemons were accused of treachery at the Battle of Marathon. His father was Xanthippus, a military leader during the Persian Wars, and the victor at the Battle of Mycale. He was the son of Ariphon, who was ostracized—a common political punishment for prominent Athenians consisting of a 10-year banishment from Athens—but was returned to the city when the Persian Wars began. Pericles was married to a woman whose name is not mentioned by Plutarch but was a close relative. They had two sons, Xanthippus and Paralus, and divorced in 445 B.C.E. Both sons died in the Plague of Athens. Pericles also had a mistress, perhaps a courtesan but also a teacher and intellectual called Aspasia of Miletus, with whom he had one son, Pericles the Younger. Education Pericles was said by Plutarch to have been shy as a young man because he was rich, and of such stellar lineage with well-born friends, that he was afraid hed be ostracized for that alone. Instead, he devoted himself to a military career, where he was brave and enterprising. Then he became a politician. His teachers included the musicians Damon and Pythocleides. Pericles was also a pupil of Zeno of Elea, famous for his logical paradoxes, such as the one in which he was said to have proven that motion cant occur. His most important teacher was Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (500-428 BCE), called Nous (Mind). Anaxagoras is best known for his then-outrageous contention that the sun was a fiery rock. Public Offices The first known public event in Pericles life was the position of choregos. Choregoi were the producers of ancient Greeces theatrical community, selected from the wealthiest Athenians who had a duty to support dramatic productions. Choregoi paid for everything from staff salaries to sets, special effects, and music. In 472, Pericles funded and produced the playwright Aeschylus play The Persians. Pericles also gained the office of military archon or strategos, which is usually translated into English as a military general. Pericles was elected strategos in 460, and he remained that for the next 29 years. Pericles, Cimon, and Democracy In the 460s, the Helots rebelled against the Spartans who asked for help from Athens. In response to Spartas request for help, Athens leader Cimon led troops into Sparta. The Spartans sent them back, probably fearing the effects of Athenian democratic ideas on their own government. Cimon had favored Athens oligarchic adherents, and, according to the opposing faction led by Pericles who had come into power by the time Cimon returned, Cimon was a lover of Sparta and a hater of the Athenians. He was ostracized and banished from Athens for 10 years, but eventually brought back for the Peloponnesian Wars. Building Projects From about 458–456, Pericles had the Long Walls built. The Long Walls were about 6 kilometers in length and built in several phases. They were a strategic asset to Athens, connecting the city with Piraeus, a peninsula with three harbors about 4.5 miles from Athens. The walls protected the citys access to the Aegean, but they were destroyed by Sparta at the end of the Peloponnesian War. On the Acropolis at Athens, Pericles built the Parthenon, the Propylaea, and a giant statue of Athena Promachus. He also had temples and shrines built to other gods to replace those that had been destroyed by the Persians during the wars. The treasury from the Delian alliance funded the building projects. Radical Democracy and Citizenship Law Among the contributions made by Pericles to the Athenian democracy was the payment of magistrates. This was one reason the Athenians under Pericles decided to limit the people eligible to hold office. Only those born to two people of Athenian citizen status could henceforth be citizens and eligible to be magistrates. Children of foreign mothers were explicitly excluded. Metic is the word for a foreigner living in Athens. Since a metic woman couldnt produce citizen children when Pericles had a mistress Aspasia of Miletus, he couldnt or, at least, didnt marry her. After his death, the law was changed so that his son could be both a citizen and his heir. Artists Depiction According to Plutarch, although Pericles appearance was unimpeachable, his head was long and out of proportion. The comic poets of his day called him Schinocephalus or squill head (pen head). Because of Pericles abnormally long head, he was often depicted wearing a helmet. The Plague of Athens and the Death of Pericles In 430, the Spartans and their allies invaded Attica, signaling the start of the Peloponnesian War. At the same time, a plague broke out in a city overcrowded by the presence of refugees from the rural areas. Pericles was suspended from the office of strategos, found guilty of theft and fined 50 talents. Because Athens still needed him, Pericles was then reinstated, but then, about a year after he lost his own two sons in the plague, Pericles died in the fall of 429, two and a half years after the Peloponnesian War began. Edited and updated by K. Kris Hirst Sources Thucydides. Pericles Funeral Oration from the Peloponnesian War (Book 2.34-46). Ancient History Sourcebook. Fordham University. 2000. Web.Monoson, S. Sara. Remembering Pericles: The Political and Theoretical Import of Platos Menexenus. Political Theory 26.4 (1998): 489-513. Print.OSullivan, Neil. Pericles and Protagoras. Greece Rome 42.1 (1995): 15-23. Print.Plato. The Menexenus. Translater Benjamin Jowett 1892. Project Gutenberg, 2013. Web.Plutarch. Comparison of Pericles and Fabius Maximus. The Parallel Lives of Plutarch. Loeb Classical Library 1914. LacusCurtius Web.—-. The Life of Pericles. The Parallel Lives of Plutarch. Loeb Classical Library 1916. LacusCurtius Web.Stadter, Philip A. Pericles among the Intellectuals. Illinois Classical Studies 16.1/2 (1991): 111-24. Print.—-. The Rhetoric of Plutarchs Pericles. Ancient Society 18 (1987): 251-69. Print.

Cardiovascular Disease Is The Leading Cause Of Death For...

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death for both men and women and has an average of 610,000 casualties in the United States every year. This could be contributed to the fact that as adults, we tend to lead a very demanding lifestyle and constantly struggle through a never-ending to do list that diminishes the majority of our day. Inside our home, the office, events for the holidays, and perhaps even school, our responsibility to take care of ourselves doesn’t quite make the priority cutoff. For one thing, it is my understanding I’m supposed to exercise at least three times a week. About one in every three U.S. adults has reported that no leisure time was spent doing physical activity to which I can relate. The first hour and†¦show more content†¦At the same time, with a little research it’s never too late to change a bad habit and there is a light at the end of the tunnel. Significant progress has been made over the last 50 years in underst anding the causes of chronic illnesses, as well as development in areas that provide knowledge to detect, prevent, and maintain comparable diseases. Improvement in public health and health care have increased life expectancy by approximately 30 years and has led to dramatic changes in the leading causes of death. With this information we now have a better understanding of the long term effects our choices will make and those results have already affected the market around us. Fast food chains now provide menu selections for their health-conscious customers such as nutritional listings, optional cooking methods, and the use of organic and Non-GMO ingredients. Similarly, patients that suffer from congestive heart failure and smoke may be drawn to the more recent e-cigarette. Although e-cigarettes still have years of long term testing in order to determine their overall hazards and benefits, current research shows that there is potential for smokers to reduce their health related risks if electronic cigarettes are used in place of tobacco cigarettes when on the road to the ending tobacco or nicotine use.

Developmentally Appropriate Practices In Relations To Students Free Essays

string(301) " pupils at this degree of cognitive development may be take a relevant subject, develop a research inquiry, signifier hypotheses, test the hypotheses, observe the consequences, make decisions, and pass on the importance of the findings to other schoolmates \( Mississippi Science Framework, 2001 \) \." The National Association for the Education of Young Children ( NAEYC ) defines developmentally appropriate pattern ( DAP ) as the â€Å" model of rules and guidelines for best pattern in the attention and instruction of immature kids † ( Developmentally Appropriate, 2009 ) . DAP draws on cognition gained from research on the development of kids and besides on the cognition of effectual educational schemes in order to advance maximum acquisition and development in kids ( Developmentally Appropriate, 2009 ) . DAP ( 2009 ) is of import because, when used, it helps instructors make educational determinations that are appropriate for the pupils ‘ age group, set ends for pupils that are both disputing and accomplishable, and guarantee intentionality in all their instruction patterns. We will write a custom essay sample on Developmentally Appropriate Practices In Relations To Students or any similar topic only for you Order Now The determinations that instructors make in their schoolrooms can potentially hold a great impact on pupils ‘ acquisition experiences. Positive larning experiences lead to future positive larning behaviours such as continuity and flexibleness ( Developmentally Appropriate, 2009 ) . When doing determinations sing the instruction of their pupils, instructors must take into history the general developmental features and larning capablenesss of kids in the age scope that they are learning and besides the single features and larning capablenesss of pupils within his or her schoolroom ( Developmentally Appropriate, 2009 ) . All aspects of development and acquisition are of import and interconnected, and it is non until a instructor to the full understands where his or her pupils stand physically, cognitively, and emotionally that effectual determinations sing their instruction can be made ( Spano, 2004 ) . The determinations being made by instructors lead to the scene of ends in the schoolroom. Not merely do instructors necessitate to guarantee that pupils achieve these ends, but they besides need to dispute pupils to construct on the cognition they already possess to make a higher degree of understanding and development. These challenges must ever be presented as the following logical measure harmonizing to the kid ‘s phase of development ( Developmentally Appropriate, 2009 ) . In general, the phases of kid development are well-documented and follow a predictable sequence ( Spano, 2004 ) . However, it is true that each single kid reaches each phase of development at a different clip which makes it of import for instructors to cognize the general features of the age group every bit good as the single pupils ‘ features. If a instructor is non cognizant of their pupils ‘ single developmental degrees, ends may be set either excessively high or excessively low, and larnin g will non happen ( Developmentally Appropriate, 2009 ) . Another ground that DAP is of import is that DAP ensures intentionality ( Developmentally Appropriate, 2009 ) . Intentional instructors use their cognition of their pupils ‘ development to be after all facets of their category, from the schoolroom set-up to the usage of assorted learning schemes to the types of appraisals administered. Teachers must understand that development and larning take topographic point best in state of affairss where the kid is unafraid in his or her milieus and that positive acquisition experiences shape their motive ( Helping your kid, 2005 ) . They should besides maintain in head that kids learn in a assortment of different ways, so assorted attacks to the stuff should be made. When instructors design their categories with developmentally appropriate purposes in head, a much more effectual acquisition environment is created ( Developmentally Appropriate, 2009 ) . Now that the importance of developmentally appropriate patterns has been defined, a elaborate description of the features of the cognitive, affectional, and psychomotor development of striplings runing from age 12 to sixteen will be reviewed while discoursing the impact that these features have on instruction and acquisition. The developmental psychologist, Jean Piaget, classified the phases of cognitive development in kids ( Anderson, 2004 ) . In his theory, there are four phases of cognitive development ( sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational ) ( Anderson, 2004 ) . Early striplings ( approximately ages 11 to 13 ) , says Piaget, see the passage from the concrete operational phase to the formal operational phase ( Anderson, 2004 ) . Adolescents at this phase should be traveling off from the construct of egocentricism, or the apprehension that one ‘s position is non needfully the position of person else ( as cited in Malerstein A ; Ahern, 1979 ) . Another facet of this passage is that striplings move from concrete idea to more abstract idea, intending that they are able to believe about inside informations that do non refer to an existent object or event. Concepts such as love are more apprehensible to striplings than to younger kids ( as cited in Malerstein A ; Ahern, 1979 ) . Besides, persons in the formal operational phase of development are able to believe more scientifically ( Anderson, 2004 ) . This means that, when presented with a job, the person will travel about work outing the job by organizing hypotheses and proving each hypothesis until the right result is reached ( as cited in Malerstein A ; Ahern, 1979 ) . Adolescents in this age scope become progressively concerned about the hereafter instead than the present with early striplings being concerned chiefly with the close hereafter while in-between striplings ( age 14 to 16 ) are more concerned with future callings and life programs ( Spano, 2004 ) . These persons are going more interested in their ain potency, and besides in the sentiments of others ( Helping your kid, 2005 ) . The thought of adolescent egocentricism is fundamentally the development of uneasiness ( Elkind, 1967 ) . Adolescents usually have ideas that everyone is watching them, known as the fanciful audience ( Elkind, 1967 ) . This may stem from the physical alterations that they are sing ( i.e. , pubescence ) , which will be discussed in more item subsequently on. Another signifier of adolescent egocentricism tied to physical development is the thought of personal fabrication, where persons perceive themselves as finally alone and perchance unbeatable ( Elkind, 1967 ) . The deductions of cognitive development on acquisition and instruction at this age scope are rather of import. Because striplings now have the capacity for abstract idea, their verbal problem-solving accomplishments are much greater ( Developmentally Appropriate, 2009 ) . Teachers can now utilize inquiry-based acquisition at a more advanced degree ( Developmentally Appropriate, 2009 ) . For illustration, in the biological science schoolroom pupils at this degree of cognitive development may be take a relevant subject, develop a research inquiry, signifier hypotheses, test the hypotheses, observe the consequences, make decisions, and pass on the importance of the findings to other schoolmates ( Mississippi Science Framework, 2001 ) . You read "Developmentally Appropriate Practices In Relations To Students" in category "Essay examples" Socially and emotionally, adolescence is a really disruptive clip ( Helping your kid, 2005 ) . During pubescence, sex endocrines, bodily alterations, and nervous pruning ( the cutting dorsum of fresh nervous tracts ) lead to incomprehensible temper swings ( Helping your kid, 2005 ) . This is besides a clip when striplings are developing a personal individuality and sense of ego ( as cited in Hamachek, 1988 ) . Erik Erikson ‘s theory of the eight phases of development provinces that the most of import phase for this age scope is stage five: individuality versus individuality confusion ( as cited in Hamachek, 1988 ) . In this phase, persons are get downing to set up a stable self-concept that does non alter. However, Erikson besides says that persons in this phase can hover between being certain of themselves and uncertainness which may be due to the rapid alterations that adolescents experience during pubescence ( as cited in Hamachek, 1988 ) . In phase four of Erikson ‘s theory, the single begins to develop a sense of industry and lower status ( as cited in Hamachek, 1988 ) . This means that by age about age 12, striplings should be cognizant of their ain capacity to bring forth things every bit good as the fact that they may non be every bit good at some things as others ( as cited in Hamachek, 1988, Helping your kid, 2005 ) . A sense of lower status creates self-aware feelings about oneself which may take the stripling to move shyly or sharply but besides to derive or lose motive in academic enterprises ( Spano, 2004 ) . Besides at this age, striplings are traveling off from dependance on parents and closer to interaction with equal groups ( as cited in Hamacheck, 1988 ) . They begin to value the sentiments and involvements of their friends over the sentiments and involvements of their parents, and they besides begin to take involvement in edifice stronger relationships with people outside their immediate household ( Spano, 2004 ) . Therefore, peer force per unit area can be a major factor in behaviour ( Helping your kid, 2005, Spano, 2004 ) . Even though striplings are seeking independency from their parents at this age and finding their single personalities, they can besides return back to Acts of the Apostless of childish in times of emphasis ( as cited in Hamachek, 1988 ) . One must maintain in head that merely because striplings have the visual aspect of immature grownups, they are still slightly kids cognitively and emotionally ( Kipke, 1999 ) . So in the schoolroom, instructors should retrieve to put ends that are disputing but non excessively disputing ( Developmentally Appropriate, 2009 ) . Showing a challenge that can be accomplished with some attempt gives the pupil a sense of assurance in his or her ain abilities which can take to a greater sense of individuality, whereas showing impossible challenging can hold negative effects on self-esteem and deter positive acquisition behaviours ( Developmentally Appropriate, 2009 ) . Teachers should besides maintain in head that pupils are extremely societal at this clip, so concerted acquisition is a positive instruction scheme ( Developmentally Appropriate, 2009 ) . For illustration, in the biological science schoolroom, have pupils work together on an assignment such as dissecting a toad while the instructor acts as a facilitator and moves about the room to assist groups when they can non reply the inquiries on their ain ( Mississippi Science Framework, 2001 ) . Just retrieve that, in the schoolroom, societal interaction should non roll excessively far from the content. The most apparent signifiers of development in striplings are psychomotor and physical development. Approximately between the ages of 11 and 15, adolescents undergo pubescence, or the development of secondary sex features ( Kipke, 1999, Spano, 2004 ) . At this point in their lives, striplings become capable of reproduction which entails a figure of physical alterations such as an addition in height and weight and organic structure hair, etc. ( Spano, 2004 ) . This drastic alteration in bodily proportions, coupled with the phenomenon of nervous pruning ( which is the decrease of fresh neural tracts in the encephalon during adolescence ) , sometimes leads to awkwardness and shortages in coordination every bit good as alterations in affect ( Coch, Fischer A ; Dawson, 2007 ) . Physical alterations interact closely with emotion and knowledge ( Coch, Fischer A ; Dawson, 2007 ) . Due to all the physical developments, striplings spend a important part of clip focused upon themselves which gives grownups the feeling of egoism ; and because they are so focussed on themselves, they feel like others are focused on them as good which is the impression of the fanciful audience ( Elkind, 1967 ) . These rapid alterations make them experience self-aware and over-concerning about their physical visual aspect ( Spano, 2004 ) . Although pupil may be awkward or clumsy at this age, implementing schemes that require honing of all right motor accomplishments is a good thought ( Coch, Fischer A ; Dawson, 2007 ) . Having pupils fix their ain moisture slides in a biological science category is a valuable tool because it requires pupils to pay attending to item and develop concentration and a new accomplishment set that can be used subsequently on ( Mississippi Science Framework, 2001 ) . All of these new developments in striplings lead to new chances in larning. Cognitive development allows immature striplings to finish more in-depth job state of affairss and focal point for longer sums of clip ( Helping your kid, 2005 ) . Adolescents are besides developing a sense of ego and personal involvements, so they are capable of ramifying out into extracurricular activities that they enjoy such as music or art ( Hamachek, 1988, Helping your kid, 2005 ) . This is besides the clip in life where persons form womb-to-tomb reading wonts, so encouragement to read is of import ( Helping your kid, 2005 ) . In drumhead, the old ages of adolescence ( ages 12 through 16 ) are a clip of major development non merely cognitively but emotionally and physically every bit good. For instructors, structuring content around developmentally appropriate patterns is highly of import. Without maintaining in head the degree of cognitive ability of their pupils, instructors run the hazard of making lessons that are either excessively long and advanced or excessively easy and short. Teachers need to understand what their pupils are traveling through emotionally and socially every bit good. Implementing learning schemes where the pupils get to interact with one another is a positive incentive for adolescent pupils. In the scientific discipline schoolroom, all these deductions are merely every bit valid as in any other schoolroom. Designing lesson programs that allow the pupils to develop an involvement in different subject and work out jobs that are disputing will assist them to make a high degree of development, and showing the stuff in assorted ways helps pupils with changing personalities learn the stuff. Without usage of developmentally appropriate patterns, effectual instruction is non possible. How to cite Developmentally Appropriate Practices In Relations To Students, Essay examples

Plasticity in Humans free essay sample

The aim of this paper is to cover the subject of plasticity in humans. Plasticity refers to the ability of many organisms to change their biology or behavior to respond to changes in the environment, particularly when these are stressful. After reading the article, The Tall and the Short of It by Barry Bogin, I feel that his article has gone into great detail. Bogin included information from numerous studies and research not only his own but also the research and studies of other professionals. I found the information in this article interesting and informative for someone like me who is taking physical anthropology for the first time. Most interestingly is how he believes that diseases such as Parkinson’s and Lou Gehrig’s can possibly be prevented by plasticity. One of the studies that Bogin noted is a study among the Americans and Dutch heights. Back in the 1850’s Americans were considered the tallest people in the world, but now they are the third tallest around the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Plasticity in Humans or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This study revealed that this change is due to the plasticity in people’s childhood and in their mother’s childhood as well. Girls that are undernourished and in poor health causes them to be shorter in height as an adult due to the compromise her body makes while growing up. Her short height can then be passed down to her fetus. The small reproductive system of the mother most likely does not supply an adequate level of nutrients and oxygen to her fetus. Therefore, the child can be born weighing less than normal and will continue the slow growth through out their childhood. Stronger evidence used to support the study among height of group of people is the studies on monozygotic twins. Monozygotic twins are identical genetically, but sometimes can end up being nourished by unequal portions of the placenta. The twin nourished by the smaller fraction of the placenta, are born with lower birth weight than the one in the biggest fraction of the placenta. This difference in growth shows that it can last throughout their lives. The difference seen today between the Americans and Dutch is the response to their changed environments. Both the United States and Netherlands began to provide a healthier environment to their people by purifying water, installing sewer systems, regulating the safety of food, and providing a better health care and diets for children. The only difference is that the Netherlands offered health benefits to all the public including poor and in the US only those that can afford improved health benefited. One additional study to support the plasticity of people was done on groups of Mayan children. One group of children lived in Guatemala and the other part were immigrants living in the United States. Evidently, the children in Guatemala proved to be shorter than the group in the United States due to the environment they lived in. The children and their parents in Guatemala were exposed to contaminated water, lack of food supply and suffer from poor health. On the other hand, not only the children but their parents living in the United States, have access to purified drinking water and a reliable source of food which improved the health and growth. Plasticity demonstrates that such changes are dependent on external conditions and not only genetics. The most amazing researches was that of Ralph Garruto, who investigated the role of the environment and human plasticity in Guam and New Guina on individuals with Parkingson’s and Lou Gehrig’s disease. He found that both diseases are linked to the shortage of calcium that resulted in the digestion of too much aluminum present in their diet. However from the group in Guam he found that up to 70 percent had brain damage but only 20 percent had one of these diseases. It seems evident that genes and plasticity are working hand in hand from these low rates of individuals that are affected. Plasticity may be why people’s bodies have gradually developed ways to protect and prevent aluminum from reaching their brain. Humans are, perhaps, the most plastic of all species, and hence the most variable. I believe such discoveries demonstrate the need for future research in human plasticity and variability specially, if diseases can be prevented. Researchers should try to figure out a way to produce the same sort of plastic changes in humans.

Software Piracy Essay Example

Software Piracy Essay Technology in the 21st century possesses the ironically unique ability to simultaneously bring out the best that the human mind can conjure, as well as the worst.   A perfect example of this is the software industry.   Because of the infinite intelligence and skill of software developers, combined with a bit of creativity and ambition, computer software is constantly being engineered to assist us in business, education, medicine, and much more.   Conversely, this same software has led to the advent of a more sinister, yet equally intelligent and ambitious individual, known as the software pirate, which is to say that this individual’s main goal is to use what others have created, without the creator’s permission, for their own ruthless gain.Software piracy is likewise unique in the way that it is viewed by the general public; while most people would be outraged and appalled at the prospect of entering someone’s home or business without permission and steali ng the contents, these same people often times feel that software piracy is not a big issue, and see nothing wrong with it.   This may be a social phenomena or simply a skewed view of a very real crime, but whatever the case, the fact remains that the crime exists, is growing, and has specific penalties for its violations.With the issue of software piracy in mind, the key aspects of the topic will be presented and discussed in this paper, and ultimately, the paper will conclude with a summary and thoughts on this highly volatile topic.Software Piracy Defined and ClassifiedBefore anyone can truly appreciate exactly what is involved in software piracy, as well as its effects, it is important to first have a basic definition of what software piracy is, as well as the basic classifications of software piracy.   Loosely defined, software piracy is the use, copying, distribution, and/or sale of software without the permission of the owner of that software, which is to say the person o r persons who own the licensing rights to the software (Software Piracy and its Impact on Social Welfare).   This broad definition includes several classifications of software pirate; on the lowest level of piracy, and indeed the most innocuous, are those who purchase software legitimately and perhaps install it on more than one of their own computers, for personal use, as well as the person who buys an illegal copy knowingly and does the same.   More serious are the business buyers who make unauthorized copies of software and use it for commercial purposes, or buy illegal copies of software in the full knowledge that the software is in fact illegal.   The most harmful, and unlawful software pirate is the individual who knowingly produces many illegal copies of software and sells them to others, which of course is done mostly for the sake of the tremendous profit potential of software piracy itself (Marshall, 1993).The basic types of software pirates can become involved in a v ariety of pirate activities as well; the first and most common method of software piracy is called End-user Copying, which is essentially the deliberate copying of a program and distributing it. Additionally, many pirates are quite fond of the practice of   Hard Drive Loading, or the illegal copying of software onto a computer that a   computer dealer or company is selling, in order to make the machine more marketable to the customer, who may not even realize that a crime has occurred.Internet popularity has given rise to yet another kid of software piracy, when software is unlawfully sold or given away for free online; in either case, this is being done so without the consent of the owner of the software intelligence, and therefore is highly illegal and unethical.  Ã‚   Counterfeiting is also very popular, in the sense that logos, packaging, and all of the other attributes of the original software packaging can now be cleverly duplicated so that the buyer has truly no idea th at what they are buying is in fact false software, making the consumer an unwitting victim to the crime of the pirate.One thing is very clear in regard to the means and types of software piracy; it is growing in occurrence, complexity and volume as technology develops and software is created that is more desirable for thieves to steal, and the crimes do vary in damage and commonality. While the classifications of software pirate vary in detrimental effect, they all do have a measurable effect in one way or another.   Because of this, it is also important to understand how the piracy has a sort of compound effect throughout society, as well as how society responds to it overall.How Pirated Software Can be IdentifiedEven with the latest techniques that software pirates use to dupe innocent consumers into buying pirated software without their knowledge, there are some classic characteristics that pirated software can exhibit, thereby alerting the buyer of this fact and helping them t o avoid a bad buying decision: §Ã‚      Programs (including the operating system) were preinstalled on the computer but there aren’t any accompanying original CDs. §Ã‚   No official looking documentation accompanies the packaging. §Ã‚   Your tech person seems to be able to provide you with any program you need, but you never actually have to pay for it. §Ã‚   Different people are using software on different computers that were installed from the same CDs. (Ahoy Matey-Are You a Software Pirate?)Issues from Consumer and Developer ViewpointsThe knee-jerk reaction of the average person may be that software piracy is a harmless, even victimless crime, and that the companies such as Microsoft that develop and sell software are profitable enough to handle a bit of pilferage.   In reality, neither of these assumptions could be further from the truth.The consumer is hurt by software piracy from several standpoints, whether they are involved in the purchase of pirated softw are or not.   The sad reality is that when software is pirated, the legitimate consumer pays more for the licensed software copies because the developers need to recoup their lost revenue, via piracy, somehow.   Beyond this, if a consumer knowingly or unknowingly buys pirated software, in many cases, the copied software contains errors or viruses that will damage the consumer’s computer equipment, or cause the software to malfunction.   This will become painfully obvious to the consumer when they are faced with an infected computer or serious calculation errors in homework, business reports, etc. Likewise, it is not hard to imagine what would happen if pirated software malfunctioned in a piece of industrial machinery, an aircraft, or medical equipment- in this instance, piracy becomes deadly.Developers, at the very least, are victims of crime at the hands of the software pirates, for quite literally, their property has been stolen from them, and they are not reaping any of the financial benefits of their creation.   This can be quite disheartening to a developer who has dedicated a great deal of time, talent, and treasure to a software development project, only to see their product being counterfeited and sold on a widespread basis, while they fail to realize any gains from those sales.   Reflecting back to the consequences of inferior software copies as well, a developer’s reputation could be improperly harmed if a pirated copy of software was assumed to be the genuine article, and someone was harmed by it.The bottom line is that software piracy is not a victimless crime, and in some instances, life is actually on the line as well as quite literally billions of dollars and the life’s work of some very intelligent people.   Realizing this, law enforcement has taken some definite steps to prevent software piracy, as well as punish those who choose to do so.Laws Against, and Penalties for, Software PiracyWithout a doubt, there is a general consensus by most of the civilized world that software piracy is a serious crime, and as such, should carry with it serious consequences for those who break the law and choose to deal in pirated software products.   In the United States, laws have been enacted to punish individuals in the criminal, as well as civil, courts when they engage in software piracy.Criminally, software piracy is essentially theft and copyright infringement; of course, the degree to which the piracy has been undertaken will determine the amount of the theft, and therefore the severity of the criminal penalty.   Without authorization from the copyright owner, title 18 of U.S. Code prohibits duplicating software for profit, making multiple copies for use bydifferent users within an organization, downloading multiple copies from a network, or giving an unauthorized copy to another individual. All are Federal crimes, and penalties for these crimes can   include fines up to $250,000 and jail ter ms lasting many years, clearly showing that software piracy will not be tolerated and is being viewed as the highly serious crime that it is, with specific consequences and undoubtedly scores of innocent victims.Enforcement and Deterrents/New Protections and TechnologiesClearly, law enforcement and the legislative communities have united to fight the plague of software piracy, but in the estimation of many, the tremendous amount of piracy that has taken place, and will take place in the future, makes enforcement of laws and punishment of lawbreakers all but useless; therefore, new methods of deterrent against piracy have emerged in recent years, and software companies have stepped up to address the growing problem.   Just as sharp minds have created software, likewise, they have created protections for that software against copying.   Examples of this include the integration of programming code within software that will not allow it to be copied from its original media source, t he use of registration codes that need to be registered on the creator’s Website for the software to function, making replication impossible, and the like.   From the packaging standpoint, the use of complex holograms as labeling for the packaging, serial numbers, barcodes and such have made counterfeit packaging very difficult to facilitate.One of the leaders in the fight against piracy has been Microsoft, an organization that has always been at the forefront of the technological boom.   Because of Microsoft’s success through unique innovation and an unending supply of creativity, the firm has been one of the most victimized in terms of imitators and outright criminals such as software pirates, who have realized a great deal of ill gotten money at the expense of Microsoft, via the piracy of popular software such as Windows.   However, Microsoft has fought back in a variety of ways, many of which were mentioned earlier in this paper.   For example, the packagin g of Microsoft software products now features tamper-proof seals, holograms that are very difficult to copy, and so forth; once the package is opened, the software features the online registration codes that are being utilized by many software companies to avoid unauthorized copying.   Also widely used by the company is an advanced and widespread enforcement division, which is well known for enforcing software violations and taking legal action against those who violate Microsoft’s intellectual properties (Microsoft Cracks Down on Software Piracy, 2006).   What this clearly illustrates is that software piracy will not be tolerated, and is in fact a crime of the most serious type.Response of the Educational and Business SectorsFollowing Microsoft’s example, the business sector in general is doing all that it can to combat software piracy; as technology progresses, so too does the ability of software producers to keep one step ahead of the criminals.   Taking it a step further as well, the fight against piracy has likewise gone global, as it is estimated that billions of dollars in revenue is lost every year from the piracy that takes place in Asia alone (Marshall, 1993).   While international infringement is by its very nature quite difficult to enforce, there is an awesome responsibility on the part of the software owners to make every attempt to protect their property from outright theft.The educational world, too, has moved forward in efforts to prevent the unauthorized copying of software, be it proprietary software created by a given college, school or university, or the software purchased from an outside vendor, for both represent potential liability for the educational institutions and expose the computer networks of the institutions to potential malfunction and virus exposure (Moores, 2006).   Furthermore, integrity is the backbone of any reputable educational institution and must exist in order to set an example for its current and prospective students, which will help to ensure the long term viability of the institutions themselves.   In this instance, the importance of protection from software piracy is absolutely key.Software Piracy as Economic and Social PhenomenaUp to this point, the emphasis in analyzing and discussing software piracy has admittedly been from the economic point of view, and indeed that needs to be considered anytime the topic is discussed, for as the old adage goes, money is truly the root of all evil and indeed the driving force behind much of the crime that occurs in the world today.   Whenever something valuable, and as easy to steal as software exists, there will always be someone around who is more than willing to take the risk to steal it.   Likewise, or perhaps as an underlying factor in the motivation for committing software piracy, are the social factors surrounding the crime (Bagchi, et al, 2006).First, the previously stated myth that stealing software is not a crimin al issue because there is so much of it in circulation, and if someone takes a copy or two from someone else, the developers will make up the loss somewhere else, is absurd.   Within modern society, in large part due to the proliferation of movies, television programs, and yes software, that portrays criminal acts as exciting and desirable creates a feeling in society that crime overall is acceptable and a â€Å"small crime† like piracy of software matters little in the big scope of all of the major crimes that occur in society.   However, the piracy has within it the potential to collapse the whole software industry.   To understand this better, one must realize how and why software creators exist and continue to produce.The reason that software is created, and is able to continue to be created, is because the legitimate sale of the software by its creators generates financial benefits for those creators, thereby giving them the means to create new software products an d continue to make meaningful contributions to the technological community and enhance the lives of others.   If they do not realize these gains, they are likely to cease producing said software.Socially, and economically, the average person must come to grips with the fact that software piracy is illegal, dangerous, and unacceptable.   Once this happens, the average person will be able to vigilantly refuse to buy illegal software, and be good citizens by reporting the sale of illegal software to law enforcement for proper action to be taken.Summary and ThoughtsThis paper has discussed software piracy from a variety of angles and points of view, but what it has not done, which is important nonetheless, is make a comment on the effect of technology on our lives, for better or worse, and how technology holds the power to create or destroy the human experience.   While it is difficult for many people to grasp how an intellectual property, lacking the concrete attributes of a car or diamond ring, can in fact be stolen from an owner and unlawfully used by another, that same person can undoubtedly realize that if technology is jeopardized by criminals and opportunists, their future will be quite bleak as well.   Software production employs millions of Americans, and generates billions of dollars in revenue, and perhaps that is where the best understanding can be found.   If economic collapse can be brought about by software piracy, it must be stopped, for the good of all of humankind, before it is too late.

Native American Mythology Essays

Native American Mythology Essays Native American Mythology Essay Native American Mythology Essay In order to preserve their history, traditions, and culture, Native Americans passed their myths by word of mouth (the oral tradition). Native Americans who were particularly good storytellers emphasized that the myths being orated should be shared with future generations. Some common themes in Native American myths would have explanations on how the world was made, where people came from, and the physical and social development of those people. The social evolution of the Navajo people is an important subject in the Navajo creation story, Dine bahane. The first beings, according to the Dine bahane, were essentially illustrated as insects; these beings were called the Air Spirit people. The Air Spirit people have not yet fully established themselves as an organized and central civilization due to the fact that they are always committing adultery with one another and usually fighting afterwards. Because they were incapable of adhering to the rules society mandates, the Air Spirit people were exiled from each society they traveled to. Only in the last, final society they encountered did they learn to cooperate with one another by ultimately following the statutes that forbid adultery. This lesson represents the social evolution of the Air Spirit people because they realized that by following the rules society mandates, peaceful social order could be maintained. Also, in Dine bahane, the argument between First Man and First Woman about who gets credit for the meal concerns gender roles. As a result, First Woman states that women could get along without men, and so they separate. The separation of men and women, which is divided by the river, clearly illustrates one infamous saying that ALL women can attest to: â€Å"Men. You can’t live with them, and you can’t live without them. † The same saying can apply to men as well; whether you like it or not, one gender just cannot live without the other. The women in Dine bahane did not fare well and were on the verge of starvation without the men to hunt the food for them. On the other hand, the men were unable to have children unless the women were present. The absence of one gender could lead to another gender’s downfall, as shown as a result of the argument between First Man and First Woman. However, they reconciled their differences by establishing the gender roles within their society: men hunt, women cook. Both responsibilities were significant in order for both genders to get along and survive; thus, the Navajo people are assured of their societal growth as long as social order is maintained. To sum up everything, n order for the Air Spirit people to peacefully co-exist, they needed to abide by the rules that their society mandated and not go off on their own tangents. The argument between First man and First Woman clearly illustrates that both genders need to accept their traditional roles in order to further enhance their societal growth. In conclusion, the recurring theme of social evolution in Dine bahane is important because although a myth, it elaborates on how the Navajo people maintained and improved their social de velopment.

Cultural Activity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cultural Activity - Essay Example Each painting had a certain charm all its own. Perhaps one of the most famous paintings of all time was the Mona Lisa. Currently, the Mona Lisa is available for viewing at the Louvre Museum in Paris. Interestingly enough, there are many copies of the Mona Lisa in art galleries all over the world, as was the one that this writer viewed. According to Leonardo da Vinci’s Life (2012), â€Å"The mastery of the painting lies in its subtle detail, including the faint smile, and Mona Lisas distinctive gaze. The work [might] have been commissioned by†¦Francesco del Giocondo, who hired Leonardo to paint [his wife’s portrait], and this is why The Mona Lisa is sometimes referred to as La Gioconda† (pgh. 1). Of course, as has been mentioned before, it is Mona Lisa’s slight yet very distinct smile which has drawn people near and far to see her famous face. Since many artists lived off of their commissions from paintings, Da Vinci most likely wanted to ensure that he painted a very nice piece for Francesco del Giocondo—because creating a great painting, versus just a â€Å"good† one, might be the difference between him getting paid the full sum he was owed by Del Giocondo, who most likely commissioned this one particular painting. The interesting link that this painting has to today is that it was rumored that another painting was actually found hidden under the painting of the Mona Lisa. This was just found recently, and it is believed that this other painting was also done by Da Vinci. Of course, new discoveries are happening all the time in the art world—with many more surprises to come in the future as we all know. There is no limit as to how many surprises might be in the rafters, just waiting to be discovered. Perhaps we will realize that there are many more surprises hidden within and outside of famous commissioned Renaissance paintings. Arguably, one of

An introduction to John Miller Chernoff's book on Africa Rhythm , Essay

An introduction to John Miller Chernoff's book on Africa Rhythm , discuss the Dundun ' hour glass' or 'tension' drum - Essay Example The book talks about varied aspects of African music are it political, spiritual or social. In the book Chernoff tries to convey a sense of the African music from an exclusively African point of view. In that sense the writer had been extremely successful in conveying to the Western readers the varied unfamiliar concepts of the African music by using the terms that aptly facilitate understanding without giving up or losing anything pertaining to the distinct uniqueness and individuality of the African music. Chernoff delves on this both personal and universal dilemma by saying that â€Å"How can we bring something of a different order into our world of understanding and at the same time recognize and appreciate it on its own terms (3).† The writer not only tries to communicate to its readers what the West African music is, but also tries to elaborately and in and interesting way explain to them as to why it is so. Chernoff successfully relates the varied and multifarious inter actions and trends in the African music to the essential multiplicity and diversity of the social forces pervading the African cultural landscape. The beauty of Chernoff’s approach is that it explains the African music as it is, without trying to correlate or link it to the similar trends existing in the Western music.

The Advantages & Disadvantages for Working at P&G Essay

The Advantages & Disadvantages for Working at P&G - Essay Example P&G is restructuring its product portfolio as part of a $10 billion cost-cutting plan. Nearly 100 brands that collectively generate revenue of $2.4 billion are likely to be divested (Kumar). P&G has 23 billion dollar brands in its portfolio which will be retained. The success of a brand restructuring program is to identify and weed out low performing brands and retain the cash cows. P&G is treading on the right path and therefore investors should feel encouraged. The leaner, trimmed down P&G is likely to be more focused, nimble and responsive to customer needs which will help the company in the long run. A.G. Lafley resumed the position of P&G’s CEO in 2013. He had been at the helm of P&G from 2000 to 2009. Thereafter, Bob McDonald steered the P&G ship for four years (Coolidge). Lafley returned as CEO to guide P&G out of the woods. He is presently overseeing a massive restructuring plan (Green). He is committed to reducing costs and increasing efficiency. Lafley’s leadership style is bound to make a profound difference for the business going forward. The incumbent CEO intends to  refocus on innovation; an attribute that helped P&G reach dizzy heights during his first tenure (Coolidge). Lafley is an astute strategist who is willing to take calculated risks. He believes in the philosophy that customer is the boss. Lafley’s assertiveness, creativity and infallible administrative ability have won him many accolades and awards (Ukessays.com). P&G offers job opportunities across functional areas, geographical territories and hierarchical levels. The company offers full-time and part-time jobs, temporary work as well internships. P&G scouts for people who are curious and innovative. People who are able to establish a rapport with other people are seen as potential employees. P&G hires agile people who are prepared to meet the challenges head-on. Employees having these traits mesh well with P&G’s organizational culture and help fuel future growth  of the company. The reasoning test checks the cognitive ability of the candidate.

Three Tier Architecture Is A Client Server Information Technology Essay

Three Tier Architecture Is A Client Server Information Technology Essay In software engineering, three-tier architecture is a client-server architecture which consists of three layer; presentation layer, functional process logic layer and data layer and is develop and maintain as different module. This architecture is developed by Jon J.Donovan in Open Environment Corporation(OEC), a tools company the founded in Cambridge, Massachusetts. By dividing application into tiers or layers, developers only have to modify or add a specific logic into the desired layer, rather than rewrite the whole application. This architecture will allows developer to create a more flexible, reusable and maintainable application. This kind of Three-tier layer can also be known as multi-tier architecture or n-tier architecture. Example when user wants to change the text colour from black to red, only the presentation layer will be affected. A common example of three tier architecture is ATM (Automated Teller Machine) or Cash Machine. The GUI (Graphical User Interface) where we select services is the presentation layer for ATM. When selecting one of the services that are displayed on the screen, designated event for the services will be invoked. This common set of behaviour is designed in the functional process logic layer. When requesting information such as checking the balance in our bank account, ATM will get the data from the database or application server. This will be the data layer. Presentation Layer or can also be known as presentation tier, a layer where the presentation or user interface of an application is designed or displayed. In other word, this is the layer which will display all the information that is needed or requested by the user. Presentation layer is the top most layers in the three-tier architecture. Besides displaying information that is needed by user, this layer will also be used to communicate between other layers by user. For example in Window OS (Operating System), program icon is displayed to allow user to click on it to open the clicked program. Presentation layer is also part of security where only the needed information will be displayed while other sensitive information will be kept. For example, stock department will need to be able to view and edit the product stock while sales department only need to be able to view the stock that is available. The presentation layer for Al-Seraj Hire Firm will consist of multiple types. This is because Al-Seraj Hire Firm has different employees that are specialise in different type of aspect of business services in the hire firm. Some employees will only need to display certain information while other may have more or less information. For example in Al-Seraj Hire Firm; purchasing, customer account, sales and marketing will have their own presentation layer. Functional process logic Layer Functional process logic Layer is the middle layer in the three-tier architecture. It can also be known business or data access tier, a layer where logic and calculation is taken place. In other word, the business function or business flow will design in this layer. Functional process logic layer contain the code or function to control the application functionality and also the application business flow. Besides that, it also contains the business logic of the company. Functional process logic Layer is separated from presentation layer and data layer is to protect the confidentiality and integrity of business flow of a company. Besides that, function is shared by different users. This enables the system to have a consistent and centralized function that can be used by different users. For example, the function or logic to view the stock that is available in the company that is viewed by the stock department the same as what is seen by the sales department. Other than that, by separating the functional process logic layer, it will enable the administrator or person in charge of the system to easily add in or modify the logic in the system without affecting the other layer. The functional process logic layer in Al-Seraj Hire Firm will contain the function to indicate whether the customer is a private customer or a business customer. This is because private customer and business customer has their own business logic. Examples of business logic are hiring equipment for private customer is restricted within five miles radius while business customer doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t have this restriction. Besides that, business customer will have a 24-hours customer services to replace the faulty equipment while private customer will need to bring in the faulty equipment to replace to working equipment or get a full refund if the equipment is not available. Data Layer Data Layer or can also be known as data tier, is a layer where all the data which is inserted by the user is saved. In other word, all information that is entered by the user will be saved in this layer. Data layer will be responsible to provide the data that is requested from the user. Besides that data can be shared by different users. By doing this, data integrity can be achieved and providing accurate data that is requested by users. This is because the data is saved in a single database which allow different user to get access and request for the data. Besides that, by separating data layer, this will improves the scalability and performance of the system. The data layer in Al-Seraj Hire Firm will contain the price of the equipment and also the delivery time that is offered by the suppliers. Besides that, it also contains the customer account and also the account packages that are provided by the hire firm. The five most important user group for Al-Seraj Hire Firm System are Purchasing, Customer Account, Stock Management, Sales and Marketing and Administrator. Administrator Administrator is a user group which have the most privileges than any other user group in the system. This is because administrator is a user group that is designed to control or use the full function of the system. Besides that, they also have the privilege to change sensitive data such as the price or discount value for each type of membership account. This user group is used by the owner of Al-Seraj Hire Firm or the person-in-charge of the system. There are three quality requirements for Administrator user group. The first quality requirements are security requirement. Security requirement is the requirement for the user to be authenticated and authorize as administrator user group. In this user group, the user of the system will need to be authenticated before user is allowed to be authorized as an administrator. The second quality requirements are modifiability requirement. Modifiability is the requirement for the user to be able to add, modify or delete any data in the database. In this user group, the user of the system will be able to add, modify or delete data in the system. Examples of data in database are discount value for silver membership, gold membership and diamond membership. The third and last quality requirements are testability requirement. Testability requirement is the requirement for the user to be able to test the whole system with ease. In this user group, user will have the full function that is provided in the system. This also includes other user group function such as stock management and customer account information. Administrator user group is the top user group in Al-Seraj Hire Firm. This is because any changes that are made by administrator user group, other user group will also be affected. For example, discount value for silver membership which are currently 10%, has been changed to 15%, all user group will have to follow the new discount value. Customer Account Customer Account user group is a user group which is responsible for managing customer. In other word, this user group is designed to manage all the type of customer who makes transaction with Al-Seraj Hire Firm. Besides that, this user group also responsible to modify or update customer information and also provide customer services to the customers. There are two quality requirements for Customer Account user group. The first quality requirement is modifiability. User in this user group will need to be able to change the customer account information as accurate as possible to maintain the productivity of the company. For example, company X has changed their address; the user will need to change the address to the new address to allow other employee to deliver the goods to the destination. The second and last quality requirement is performance. Performance requirement is the requirement for the user to be able to access or display the desired data in a less amount of work. In this user group, user will need to use the system to search out the suitable customer account in a less amount of time. Customer account user group is the low level user group in Al-Seraj Hire Firm. This is because all customer details will need to be added into customer account database. As for the data of the customer account, user from the same level will need to take reference to decide which type of customer are they dealing with. For example, a customer has called in and reported that one of their tool has been broke, the user will need to check the customer details to identify whether the customer is a business customer or a private customer. Sales and Marketing Sales and Marketing user group is a user group which is responsible for doing sales transaction with the customer. In other word, this user group is designed to record any transaction that is made with customer into the database via Al-Seraj Hire Firm system. Besides that, this user group will also keep track or produce a financial report according to the sales transaction that has been made in a period of time. There are three quality requirements for sales and marketing user group. The first requirement is performance. Performance is important for this user group because this is where the income of the Al-Seraj Hire Firm came from. User in this user group will need to have the speed and efficiency to search for tool that is available in time and also the price for it. Besides that, they also need to identify whether it is an existing customer and which type of customer are they in Al-Seraj Hire Firm. For example, two users from this user group will be able to use the system simultaneously to search for customer information. The second quality requirement is availability requirement. Availability requirement is important for this user group is because sales of Al-Seraj Hire Firm need to be available during working period. In other word, the system will need to be available when it is needed. For example, maintenance or patch of the system can only be done when there are no people that are using the system to prevent disruption of the sales flow. The third quality requirement is usability. The information that retrieves by the user from the system can be used or not. In other word, the user will need retrieves accurate information from the system. Sales and marketing user group is the low level user group in Al-Seraj Hire Firm. This is because user will need to be able to access into the stock management user group information and customer account user group information. This is because they need to identify whether the customer is a private or business customer and is the tool available and what is the price for it. Stock Management Stock Management user group is a user group which is responsible for managing stock in Al-Seraj Hire Firm. In other word, this user group is designed to maintain the availability of tool stock in Al-Seraj Hire Firm. There are two quality requirements for stock management user group. The first quality requirement is usability. The user of this user group will need the accurate information of the stock that is available in Al-Seraj Hire Firm. In other word, user need to get the real number of stock that is available to decide to restock or not. This is because other user group such as sales and marketing will also be able to change the value of the stock in the stock database. The second quality requirement is modifiability. User will need to be able to change the value or number of stock in the database through the system. In other word, user will add or modify the number of stock in the database via the system that is designed. Stock management user group is the low level user group in Al-Seraj Hire Firm. This is because user in this user group will need to be able to check for the number of stock that is available and restock it if it is not enough. Purchasing Purchasing user group is a user group which is responsible for purchasing new equipment brands based on Al-Seraj Hire Firm equipment categories. In other word, this user group is designed to purchase new equipment brands for the stock management user group. There is one quality requirement for purchasing user group. The quality requirement is modifiability. The user of this user group will need to be able to add in new equipment information into the database. For example, brand X information will be saved into the stock database. Purchasing user group is the low level user group in Al-Seraj Hire Firm. This is because user in this user group will need to be able to add in new equipment in the stock database. Limitation There are three limitations or design flaw in Al-Seraj Hire Firm system that is designed. The first limitation is only five user group can use the system. This is because the system is designed to be able to allow only five user groups to be using this system. The second limitation is online ordering transactions are not available. This is because the system is not designed to be to have a shopping cart. The third limitation is system doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t allow add in new membership categories. This is because the system is not design to allow user to add in new membership categories. The limitation can be changed in the future by adding new function in the system. Parallel Changeover Changeover is a method that is used to implement or install the system into an existing or new server. There are four types of changeover; direct changeover, parallel changeover, pilot changeover and phases changeover. The changeover method that can fulfil the requirement of Al-Seraj Hire Firm is parallel changeover. Less expensive. Lower risk of error or failures. The first part is stock management module and purchasing module. The second last part is customer account and sales and marketing. In the period of implementation, user acceptance test is given to check whether the system fulfil their requirement. Training is given if the system is accepted by the user.

Anorexia Essay examples -- Eating Disorder Health Weight Essays

Anorexia The World Book Encyclopedia defines anorexia as, "one who avoids food for psychological reasons". Most "experts" believe that those who suffer from anorexia are starving themselves to avoid growing into adults. It is also common knowledge among these experts that anorexics "want to gain attention and a sense of being special". People say that anorexia doesn't stop at affecting the victim at hand; instead, it surpasses the anorexic. Which means that anorexia affects the personality of the person; that it branches off to affect other parts of that anorexics life. Body image obsession, self-devotion, attention grabbing, selfishness, are all attributes which keenly describe anorexia in the eyes of the media and most hospital institutions. It is that view point which affect modern societies view eating disorders, and anorexia in particular. Examples can be found in the recent attention paid towards anorexia, most of this well deserved attention, however, is not positive. Sketches on television viewed by the programming of such shows as Saturday Night Live, poke fun at anorexics by making them into exactly what the media prefers them to be, and shows that all the attributes are true. Others like radio legend Howard Stern has games like Guess The Bulimic. It is things like these that make it very difficult for one suffering from an eating disorder to come out and seek help in fear of being hurt. Imagine, if you will, being in lonely, miserable cell. You have the ability to leave at anytime, and there at the door are your family and friends, encouraging you to escape. However, there is a drill bit in your back and every time you try to move, it pushes into your back. You're restrained, restricted from freedom. ... ...xia Nervosa. New York: Warner Books. 1997. 9. Normandi, Carol Emery and Roark, Laurelee. It?s Not About Food. New York: Penguin. 1998. 10. Sandbek, Terence J. Ph. D. The Deadly Diet: Recovering From Anorexia & Bulimia. Oakland: New Harbinger. 1993. 11. Gordon, Richard A. Anorexia and Bulimia: Anatomy of a Social Epidemic. Malden: Blackwell. 1997. 12. Jantz, Gregory L. PH.D. Hope, Help, & Healing for Eating Disorders. Wheaton: Zondervan. 1995. 13. "To Be Thin in China." New York Times 12 December 1999. 14. Rosenthal, Elisabeth. "China's Chic Waistline: Convex to Concave." New York Times 9 December 1999. 15. http://www.something-fishey.org 16. http://WWW.BHS.BERKELEY.K12.CA.US/departments/science/anatomy/anatomy98/eating/html/title.html, 17. http://www.montreux.org/, Montreux Counselling Center web page. 18. www.anred.com/

English Placement Essay

Nearly 20 years ago, Raymond received severe head trauma from a car accident which left IM in a coma for nearly a month. Eventually, Raymond recovered but he had difficulty, especially with his memory. Harriet becomes Raymond primary caregiver. Harrier's health began to decline over the years eventually suffering a stroke and a broken hip requiring her placement in skilled nursing home. The family found themselves trying to determine what arrangements their mother had made for her care as well as Raymond.They found that she neglected to address any of their affairs; no powers of attorney, no living wills, no wills and very small nest egg. It was to long after Harriet placement in the home that Raymond is placed the dementia ward of the same facility as Harriet. Because of the lack of planning Raymond son had to be declared is father's legal guardian by the Courts. Although the nursing home claimed the fourth floor was a dementia unit, it was little more than a limited access skilled nursing unit. Patients were permitted to wander the ward with little or no supervision.The family was not happy about the situation but with limited financial resources there was no choice. On February 28th, 2011, Raymond was wandering the halls of the unit, one can only surmise what occurred next. According to a subsequent state investigation, the wing was left unsupervised. An amputee patient fell out of his wheelchair. A life member of the volunteer fire department Raymond heard the wonder alarm sounding and intuitively he attempted open the large nutritional door to the patient's room.The patient was lying on the floor directly behind the door. The door would not open, so Raymond continued to push on the doors trying to be of assistance. Eventually, the staff heard the alarm and responded to find Raymond in the hall and the patient on the floor with head trauma. After the incident, the family received a call from the nursing home stating that Raymond need to go to the hospital p sychiatric unit. The family was not alarmed as this had happened a few times before.The home failed to elaborate. The morning news told the story of an incident of a dementia patient assaulting another. The following evening the news was of a dementia patient being charged with aggravated assault with the District Attorney office considering homicide charges. The family had to obtain a criminal attorney for Raymond, who had already been declared legal incompetent by the courts. It seems the nursing home had not mentioned that to the charging officer or the District Attorney's office.They also had to obtain a civil attorney because the victim's family had indicated they were going to sue all the parties involved. Raymond could be of little help in his defense and became confused easily reverting to his earliest memories. Investigations were being conducted into the events that led to this tragedy. The district attorney's office hired a forensic psychiatrist to determine if Raymond wa s competent and the state department of public welfare was conducting its own investigation. Meanwhile, being unified too hospital psychiatric unit Raymond health declined quickly.He refused to feed himself and became frustrated if others offer to feed himself; a natural progression of dementia. Because of Raymond overall health a feeding tube was rejected by the family. On the evening of April 30, 2011, Raymond died alone in the same hospital as his victim had two months earlier. The following day the district attorney's office stated that Raymond would not have been charged with any criminal charges. Six weeks later the nursing home suffered one of the largest fine in the history of the State as well as being placed on a provisional license.

Effects of the Issue on Early Childhood Education Essay

This study examines the effects of Tulsa, Oklahoma’s early childhood education programs on social-emotional outcomes at kindergarten entry. As such, it extends our prior work demonstrating substantial positive impacts of the Tulsa pre-K and Head Start programs on cognitive development, including pre-reading skills, pre-writing skills, and pre-math skills (Gormley, Phillips, & Gayer, 2008). We focus on children who were enrolled in either the Tulsa Public Schools (TPS) pre-K program or the Community Action Project (CAP) of Tulsa County Head Start program during the year prior to kindergarten. Oklahoma’s pre-K program has received national attention because, as one of a handful of programs with universal eligibility, it reaches a higher percentage of fouryear-olds (68%) than any other program in the nation (Barnett al. al. , 2007). It also offers atypically high quality preschool education (Phillips, Gormley, & Lowenstein, in press), perhaps in part because Oklahoma requires a lead teacher with a B. A. degree who is early-childhood-certified in every classroom and pays these teachers regular school system wages. In Tulsa, the CAP Head Start program follows the same guidelines. As a result, this investigation may be seen as offering a â€Å"best case scenario† look at the potential contribution of high-quality school-based pre-K and Head Start programs to children’s social-emotional development. Social-emotional Development Young children’s social-emotional development captures a broad swath of specific outcomes, ranging from the ability to identify and understand one’s own and others’ feelings, establish and sustain relationships with both peers and adults, and regulate one’s behavior, emotions, and thoughts (National Scientific Council on the Developing Child, 2005). The importance of these foundational capacities has been welldocumented. Having behavior problems in early childhood, for example, is associated with low peer acceptance, maladaptive teacher-child relationships, and anti-social disorders and delinquency in middle childhood and adolescence (Brody et al. , 2003; Ladd & Burgess, 1999; Nagin & Tremblay, 2001; Shaw, Owens, Giovannelli, & Winslow, 2001; White, Moffitt, Earls, Robins, & Silva, 1990). Early childhood behavior that is more internalizing in nature, such as fearfulness or behavioral inhibition, is also associated with the development of serious anxiety problems in middle childhood and beyond (Tincas, Benga & Fox, 2006; Fox et al. , 2005; Schwartz, Wright, Shin, Kagan, & Rauch, 2003). The emergence of emotional and behavioral problems in children is much more likely under conditions of adversity, with poverty and low social-economic status having been studied extensively in this context. Deep and prolonged poverty, perhaps especially during the early childhood years (Duncan, Yeung, Brooks-Gunn, & Smith, 1998), has been found repeatedly to predict emotional and behavioral problems in children, even after accounting for parent and family characteristics (Bradley & Corwyn, 2002; Dodge, Pettit, & Bates, 1994; Duncan, Brooks-Gunn, & Klebanov, 1994; McLoyd, 1998; Ripke & Huston, 2005). The effects of poverty appear to be more pronounced for externalizing behavior problems (e. g. , aggression, defiance) than for internalizing behavior problems (e. g. , social withdrawal, depression) (Bradley & Corwyn, 2002; Brooks-Gunn & Duncan, 1997).

Laud Humphries was ordained an Episcopalian Essays

Laud Humphries was ordained an Episcopalian Essays Laud Humphries was ordained an Episcopalian Essay Laud Humphries was ordained an Episcopalian Essay Brief 193592 Laud Humphreys was ordained an Episcopalian priest in 1955, and worked to wipe out, amongst other things, racial privilege. In 1960 he married, and later had two kids. He left the priesthood and, in 1965, undertook alumnus sociology surveies at Washington University. In 1968 he submitted a Ph.D. thesis entitledTearoom Trade: Impersonal Sex in Public Places’. In 1974, he become the first sociologist to out himself’ declaring his homosexualism. Subsequently, he divorced his married woman and co-habited with his protege , Brian Miller, until his decease in 1988. [ 1 ] His thesis is doubtless every bit ill-famed as it is celebrated and it is impossible to set up the impact of his research and the ethical arguments engendered without contextualising his work on many foreparts. Humphreys’ work is associated with the sociological descriptive anthropology of the Second Chicago School, in peculiar the strand concentrating on aberrant functions. The intent of Humphreys’ survey was to dispute what he regarded every bit dangerous myths’ about work forces who sought impersonal sexual experiences ( trades ) in public public toilets, known, in the subculture, as teashops [ 2 ] . Not merely was Humphreys’ capable affair illegal, it was besides stigmatising a major sociological hot subject during the sixtiess and 1970s. Humphreys set out to set up the demographic of the work forces who visited the teashops, to set up that homosexual work forces suffered non because of their biological abnormalcy but because of societal rejection, and farther, that impersonal sexual brushs of this sort were victimless crimes’ the tackling of which wasted the resources of the governments, and prevented the decrease of offenses affecting genuine victim s. As befitted his symbolic interactionist attack, Humphreys became a participant perceiver within his ain survey, following the function of Peeping Tom and sentinel or watch-queen’ . This function required that he alert those prosecuting in homoerotic Acts of the Apostless of nearing persons, potentially jurisprudence enforcement officers. Humphreys observed that fellatio was the most common signifier of homoerotic act. The act was by and large impersonally performed, with small or no conversation, and the placement of the histrions tended to happen as a consequence of age differences between the brace. The fact that these work forces were engaged in illegal activity meant that by default Humphreys was an illegal confederate. Humphreys took a little figure of his topic into his assurance, work forces he called co-operative respondents’ , and explained that as a sociologist his intent was to analyze their sexual behavior. gt ; From these few, he extracted information about their private lives and their behavioral motives. These work forces, nevertheless, were non thought to be representative of the teashop trade as a whole, because they appeared more sociable and educated, on norm. Because of the impersonal nature of the activity he observed, Humphreys found it hard to set up dealingss of trust and assurance and hence sneakily recorded the license home bases of a farther 100 work forces. Using their home base inside informations he fraudulently obtained their references. A twelvemonth subsequently, Humphreys visited 50 of these work forces in their places. He was carefully disguised and posed as a wellness service market research worker and asked inquiries about their personal life. As a consequence of his fieldwork Humphreys established that merely 14 % of the work forces who engaged in teashop trades were bona fide members of the gay-subculture. Over half the work forces observed were married and populating with their married womans, and a farther tierce were consecutive work forces in unhappy matrimonies. A big minority were bisexual, merrily married, knowing and economically stable respectable members of their community. Over two-thirds had a military background. This information destroyed bing stereotypes environing male-male sex in impersonal topographic points: these work forces were non dramatically different from the remainder of the American population. Most of the topics were in fact so respectable, so spiritual and so family-oriented that Humphreys argued that the Bible on the tabular array and the flag on the wall were declarative of concealed aberrance. He coined the phrase the breastplate of righteousness’ to bespeak the character such work forces adopted to deviate attending off from their aberrant behavior. Possibly, the most interesting of hisTearoom Trade’findings is the by and large reactionist nature of the political relations held by those he observed coupled with their absolute need to conform. Lorna Simpson believes, in the same manner that Humphreys evaluated the behavior of the teashops, perceivers of the sociologist himself were entitled to make their ain decisions about his sexual orientation as a consequence of his active engagement with the trades. For Simpson, it is non possible to readTearoom Trades’without prejudice, nor without appreciating how deceptive visual aspects can be. For Simpson a cardinal portion of apprehension and appreciating the value of Humphreys’ work is basically in contextualising to underscore the inability of generalized cognition to supply dependable or accurate decisions [ 3 ] . Humphreys’ work is clearly of some importance. Informal surveies indicate that his research contributed to a decrease in the usage of constabulary section resources in the battle against victimless crimes’ . Observers might reason that this, in itself, is a societal benefit. It is besides of import to observe that his thesis contributed to of import alterations in the topographic point of societal scientific discipline within society – alterations which spawned a theoretical move off from psychological science towards sociology and a practical displacement from pathology to activism. Around the clip of Humphreys’ research, homosexual rights militants petitioned to hold homosexualism removed from the DSM: a move that sought institutional elucidation that homosexualism was non a psychological upset. Some sociologists began to reject biological or Freudian positions of gender and looked towards sociology to supply positions that combined the societal with the person. To be a sexual being in the 1970s meant to interact with another sexually. For these sociologists the societal and the sexual were to a great extent influenced by each other, and theories which talked about homoerotic Acts of the Apostless merely as instinctual or unprompted were experientially discredited by work such as that undertaken by Humphreys. But this is non the sum sum of Humphreys’ sociological influence: much of which occurred indirectly because of the contention environing his workandhis life. Humphreys had dedicated his thesis to his married woman and kids, and so, this is portion of what made the book so provocative – the writer cast himself as an Episcopalian priest and a merrily married heterosexual male parent of two. Humphreys was frequently called upon to asseverate his heterosexual certificates, and was attacked by the sociologist Sagarin as being one of a figure of practicians who worked within the homosexual caucuses and yet hid behind the safety of married womans and kids, whilst at the same clip urged others to come out of the closet’ [ 4 ] . Humphreys repeatedly avowed his heterosexual position, and it was, hence, slightly dry that in 1980 he left his married woman for a adult male. Biographers of Humphreys suggest thathewas marginalized because he investigated expressed sexual behavi or – the sort which invited looks of moralistic disgust ; because he advocated societal alteration ; because of his gender orientation and the fact that he entered graduate school and took up research instead tardily in life ; because his work, including Teashop Trades’was accessible to the general reader and eventually for his unpleasant behavior, stemming partially from his alcohol addiction. Some critics objected to his usage of covert engagement as merely an extension of his professional opportunism and on an abstract degree questioned whether his work made it more hard for future sociologists to research trade behavior because of his misrepresentation. How would a doubting homosexual and sapphic community receive practicians wishing to research their civilization in hereafter? All of the above may good hold been true, but it besides true that Humphreyswork, whilst doubtless of import, was besides marginalised because of the inquiries raised by his fieldwork moralss. His was non the merely survey to raise such issues during this period – the work of Wendell Johnson, Stanley Milgram, Phillip Zimbardo et Al. all contributed to a monolithic displacement in ethical considerations within sociology. The work of these sociologists catalysed non merely dialogue about the function of moralss within ethnographic fieldwork, but besides the political deductions of control. It is of import to observe that at some flat sociological research is ever ethically imperfect. Scientific and experimental tools are employed to happen the truth, force alteration or inquiry premises, and this frequently consequences in a power battle where inequalities are created even in state of affairss where superficial consensus antecedently existed. It besides can non be said that there is such a thing as harmless research, as topics will ever be impacted psychologically, socially, economically or physically. In order to delve down beneath the superficial, the privateness of topics must be compromised and a research worker, hence, feats those he observes. It is of import to read theTearoom Trades’with such an credence of the imperfectness of ethnographic fieldwork. Despite this, critics argue that Humphreys’ work is flawed by his neglect for even the basic renters of fieldwork. The tenseness caused by being a participant perceiver within his ain research is something which in subsequently enlarged editions of his thesis Humphreys regretted. Initially Humphreys stated, †¦my determination was to go on the pattern of the field survey in go throughing as a deviant†¦.there are good grounds for following this method of Participant Observation.’ [ 5 ] For Humphreys any other attack would exemplify the simple yet inevitable logic of the Hawthorne Effect, in kernel. To wear a button stating I am a watchbird, watching you’ into a tea room would immediately extinguish all action except the flushing of lavatories and the exiting of all present.’ [ 6 ] Further, †¦let us presume that a few work forces could be found to go on their sexual activity whilst under observation. How normal’ could that activity be? ’ [ 7 ] Sociologist such as Polsky had earlier highlighted the tensenesss which Humphreys subsequently recognised as being built-in within his work, You damned good better non feign to be one of them’ because they will prove this claim out†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦you will acquire sucked into participant’observation of the kind you would instead non set about, or you will be exposed, with still greater negative consequences.’ [ 8 ] Covert processs flout the construct of informed consent. Some sociologists would reason that without conformed consent Humphreys committed rational larceny: larceny of informations from the really subjects he observed. If one subscribes to the vulnerable population theoretical account of research one could reason that this larceny is in the cause of a greater good and that it is merely impossible to detect naturalistically whilst at the same clip obtaining the consent of those observed. Seven old ages after the publication of theTearoom Trades’Ditton [ 9 ] suggested that Humphreys’ findings were likely to hold a detrimental consequence on the behavior of people within the subculture he studied. Humphreys shone a limelight on a universe which was shadowy through pick ; a universe, the dwellers of which preferred to travel approximately unnoticed. Simply by advertising his research Humphreys denied his topics control of their ain universe. Linked to this, many sociologists would reason that Humphreys’ methods are, like those employed overtly, invisibly reactive. It does non count whether his engagement within the trades was damaging or helpful, covert or open, the unintended consequence of Humphreys’ interaction is to consequence the behavior of the group, so the smaller the group, the greater the consequence. Unfortunately, the really nature of Humphreys’ observation invaded the privateness of the topics he observed ; particularly the privateness of the great bulk of topics he chose non to uncover his true individuality to. His ulterior visits to some of those he observed, besides unethically invaded the societal standing of his topics. What would hold happened if one of the topics recognised Humphreys? Humphreys frequently questioned these work forces with their married womans present, what sort of matrimonial agitation might some of the topic revelations have initiated? What about the personal autonomy of the work forces involved? Do sociologists hold a duty to take the manner in the field of human relationships and if so do covert methods merely betray trust and do it hard for sociologists to take portion in exemplar human interactions? On this topic, Nicholas Von Hoffman of the Washington Post provinces, No information is valuable plenty to obtain by pinching off at personal autonomy, and that is true no affair who is making the gnawing.’ [ 10 ] Gary Alan Fines, an Anthropologist at the University of Georgia, suggests that Humphries work exemplifies one of the 10 prevarications of the ethnographer: the being of the honest ethnographer, and is possibly the zenith of the absence of honestness within this field [ 11 ] . Fines is at strivings to submits, that despite Humphreys’ fraudulence in tracking down his topics, and the false pretensions under which he interviewed them, there is no grounds of any injury caused. Sociologists Homan and Warwick [ 12 ] find this premiss interesting, and tentatively suggest that Humphreys’ research merely exemplifies the theoretical possibility of what if’ injury. They pose the inquiry can insiders harm insiders? ’ Fines goes farther and inquiries why honestness within research is so vitally of import, particularly if the ends of the research embody societal public-service corporation. Consequently, we are invariably misdirecting each other, for ends that we feel are worthy, or in state of affairss where we judge it most convenient. In contrast, Kai Erikson [ 13 ] argues that come ining scenes in which 1 has no right to be and professing specious claims of belonging make non reflect good on the morality of the profession and moreover that hidden research with cloaked observation casts the ethnographer in the same place as the espionage agent.’ Harmonizing to Erikson this pattern illustrates a blazing neglect for the human rights of topics non to be deceived, particularly where the misrepresentation sees the spy’ as the major donee. For Humphreys, the picks he made approximately whom to confide in, how much information to confide and the sorts of information to confide were determinations taken from a place of power and information control, and for many critics, his research is equivalent to an maltreatment of that power. It is possibly enlightening to research whether Eriksson’s theories about legitimacy clasp weight given that, whilst as a heterosexual married male parent of two, Humphreys’ claims to belong to the trades may hold appeared bogus, yet the disclosures of his true sexual orientation certainly perplex the state of affairs and do his initial misrepresentation appear much more than superficial. Further, one might inquire whether Erikson is accurate in his suggestion that Humphreys was the major donee of his ain research. It is widely accepted that the informations derived from his qualitative work impacted upon both social positions of homosexualism, and the tolerance of homosexual patterns, every bit good as policies of jurisprudence enforcement in covering with basically victimless offenses. Although it can non be claimed to be by and large true, it is right to state that at that place exists within Humphreys work a paradox sing his pick of covert engagement. Humphreys’ research developed during an epoch in which favoritism and the stigma of belonging to a subculture strongly motivated practicians within the field: yet the very nature of covert engagement discriminates against the defenceless and powerless. Warwick suggests that the adult male in the teashop could non ( would non? ) fight back against the research levelled against him, whereas similar research analyzing a voyeuristic chauffeur for a outstanding American household, for illustration, would surely hold involved ( or at least allowed for ) legitimate and unashamed revenge of some sort. [ 14 ] As a direct consequence of the work of Humphreys and other co-workers working in similar Fieldss or using similar methods, America passed the National Research Act of 1974 which established their modern IRB system for modulating research affecting human topics. In 1978, and as a consequence of the Act, the National Commission released the Belmont Report which detailed the cardinal ethical rules that should steer human topics research. In 1981 these guidelines became a federal regulation. The three rules contained in the Belmont Report are: regard for individuals ; beneficence and justness [ 15 ] . For this, if nil else,Tearoom Trades’is of immense importance and, despite onslaughts upon his personality and personal ethical motives and his ethically questionable fieldwork, we must accept that in set uping duologue with and between this sub-culture, Humphreys was instrumental in the legitimisation of sapphic and cheery surveies, and the eroding of the construct of homosexualism as a signifier of aberrance. Bibliography Belmont Report:Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects in Research. 1979. Berry, D.M.Internet Research: Privacy, Ethical motives and Alienation – An Open Source Approach.Surveies in Political and Social Thought. 2002. De Armendi, Nicole.Lorna Simpson’s Public Sex Series: The Voyeuristic Presence and the Embodied Figure’s Absence.’Virginia Commonwealth University, 1995. Ditton, Jason.Part-time Crime: An Ethnography of Fiddling and Pilferage.London: Macmillan.1977. Erikson, Kai.A Remark on Cloaked Observation in Sociology. JSL vol. 14, 1967. Fines, Gary Allan.Ten prevarications of Ethnography. Keynote Address. University of Georgia 1992. Galliher, John F. , Wayne H. Brekhus, and David P. Keys.Laud Humphrey: Prophet of Homosexuality and Sociology.Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2004. Humphreys, Laud.Teashop Trade: Impersonal Sex in Public Places.Chicago: Aldine. 1970. Homan, R.Ethical motives of Social Research.London: Macmillan 1991. Livesy, Chris. A’ Level Sociology: Theory and Methods: Participant Observation www.sociology.org.uk Penn, R, Professor. , Soothill, K, Professor.Ethical Issues in Social Inquiry: the Enemy Within?, Presentation: Qualitative Research in New Ethical Times Conference. Cardiff University. 2006. Polsky, Ned.Streetwalkers, Beats and Others. Chicago: Aldine 1969. Thomas, J.When Cyber Research goes amiss: The Ethical motives of the Rimm Cyberporn’ Study.The Informant Society. 2000. Tolich, Martin.An Ethical Iceberg: Do connected person’ confidentiality warrant vulnerable individual position?IIPEA/AAPAE Conference. Brisbane. 2002. Von Hoffman, Nicholas.WashingtonPost, 1982. Warwick, D.P.Teashop Trade: Means and Ends in Social Research.Chicago: Aldine 1975. 1